Third party data

The following datasets were used in the development of the National Liquefaction Model (NLM):

  • LINZ 8 m DEM – Digital elevation model, flatland and the groundwater model were derived from the 8 m Digital Elevation Model dataset © LINZ created by Geographx (geographx.co.nz), licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Modifications and analysis by Tonkin + Taylor. Accessed from https://data.linz.govt.nz/layer/51768-nz-8m-digital-elevation-model-2012/
  • LINZ 1 m LiDAR – Digital elevation model, flatland and the groundwater model were derived from the LINZ 1 m LiDAR dataset © LINZ, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Data processed and modelled by Tonkin + Taylor. Accessed from https://registry.opendata.aws/nz-elevation/
  • QMAP v4 – Geomorphology model derived from the GNS Science QMAP v4 dataset © GNS Science (Earth Sciences New Zealand), licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Derivatives by Tonkin + Taylor. Accessed from https://shop.gns.cri.nz/maps/qmap-digital-download/
  • Geomorphology of Kapiti Coast – Geomorphology model derived from the GNS Science ‘Geomorphology of Kapiti Coast’ dataset © GNS Science (Earth Sciences New Zealand), licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Modifications and analysis by Tonkin + Taylor. Accessed from https://shop.gns.cri.nz/sr_2016-037-pdf/
  • Geomorphology of Eastern Canterbury – Geomorphology model derived from the GNS Science ‘Geomorphology of Eastern Canterbury’ dataset © GNS Science (Earth Sciences New Zealand), licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Modifications and analysis by Tonkin + Taylor. Accessed from https://shop.gns.cri.nz/gnsgm3a/
  • Geological Map of Napier–Hastings – Geomorphology model derived from GNS Science ‘Geological Map of Napier–Hastings’ dataset © GNS Science (Earth Sciences New Zealand), licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Modifications and analysis by Tonkin + Taylor. Accessed from https://shop.gns.cri.nz/gnsgm7a/
  • Geological Map of Nelson – Geomorphology model derived from GNS Science ‘Geological Map of Nelson’ dataset © GNS Science (Earth Sciences New Zealand), licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Processed by Tonkin + Taylor. Received by email.
  • Foster Geomorphology Model – Reference geomorphological model utilised for validation, developed by Kevin Foster (fostergeotech /Vs30_NZ). Used with author approval. Accessed from https://github.com/fostergeotech/Vs30_NZ
  • New Zealand Geotechnical Database (NZGD) – Cone Penetration Test, borehole data, and groundwater data was sourced from NZGD (nzgd.org.nz). The success of NZGD relies on users submitting data, which is helped by many local authorities and central government agencies contractually requiring their partners to submit data.
  • Northland Static Water Data – Static water dataset and the groundwater model were developed using the Northland Regional Council dataset © NRC, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Modifications and analysis by Tonkin + Taylor. Accessed from https://data-nrcgis.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/NRCGIS::bore-logs/explore
  • Waikato Static Water Data – Static water dataset and the groundwater model were developed using the Waikato Regional Council dataset © WRC, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Modifications and analysis by Tonkin + Taylor. Accessed from https://data-waikatolass.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/219e0a0ef6224b5db25dc61c8f14322f_0/explore
  • Bay of Plenty Static Water Data – Static water dataset and the groundwater model were developed using the Bay of Plenty Regional Council, permission granted to use, adapt, and share. Accessed from https://maps.boprc.govt.nz/datasets/BOPRC::well-bore-locations-in-the-bay-of-plenty/explore
  • Hawke's Bay Static Water Data – Static water dataset and the groundwater model were developed using the Hawke’s Bay Regional Council dataset © HBRC, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Analysis and modelling by Tonkin + Taylor. Accessed from https://hbrcopendata-hbrc.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/849f36ba4af14e599456f8f4fd9e8ec1_0/explore
  • Manawatu–Whanganui Static Water Data – Static water dataset and the groundwater model were developed using the Horizons Regional Council dataset © Horizons, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Modifications by Tonkin + Taylor. Accessed from https://data-horizonsrc.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/1f53ca0f492248e3b0433d20a5630687_0/explore
  • Wellington Static Water Data – Static water dataset and the groundwater model were developed using the Greater Wellington Regional Council © GWRC, permission granted to use, adapt and share. Used unchanged by Tonkin + Taylor. Accessed from https://opendata.gw.govt.nz/datasets/b52e4f95910141118fce229f33928d4c_1/explore
  • Marlborough Static Water Data – Static water dataset and the groundwater model were developed using the Marlborough District Council dataset © MDC, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Model development by Tonkin + Taylor. Accessed from https://data-marlborough.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/7c4ff7d25e164c39aa853294efc727ee_13/explore
  • Canterbury Static Water Data – Static water dataset and the groundwater model were developed using the Environment Canterbury data © CRC, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Analysis by Tonkin + Taylor. Accessed from https://opendata.canterburymaps.govt.nz/datasets/ecan::wells-and-bores-all-1/explore
  • Southland Static Water Data – Static water dataset and the groundwater model were developed using the static water dataset from Environment Southland © licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Analysis by Tonkin + Taylor. Accessed from https://data-esgis.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/24fb7bb2a3a649b1a0767c7c33dbfaae/explore
  • Otago Static Water Data – Static water data and the groundwater model were developed with permission using the groundwater dataset received from Otago Regional Council via email.
  • Tasman Static Water Data – Static water data and the groundwater model were developed with permission using the groundwater dataset received from Tasman District Council via email.
  • Coastlines Topo150k – Coastal boundary layer derived from LINZ ‘NZ Coastlines Topo150k’ dataset © LINZ, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). No modifications made. Accessed from https://data.linz.govt.nz/layer/50258-nz-coastlines-topo-150k/
  • Lake Polygons Topo150k – Waterbodies layer derived from LINZ ‘NZ Lake Polygons Topo150k’ dataset © LINZ, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Derivatives by Tonkin + Taylor. Accessed from https://data.linz.govt.nz/layer/50293-nz-lake-polygons-topo-150k/
  • Land Cover Database v5.0 – Waterbodies layer derived from Landcare Research (LRIS) Land Cover Database v5.0 © Landcare Research, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Derivatives by Tonkin + Taylor. Accessed from https://lris.scinfo.org.nz/layer/104400-lcdb-v50-land-cover-database-version-50-mainland-new-zealand/
  • Coastlines and Islands Polygons – Waterbodies layer derived from LINZ ‘NZ Coastlines and Islands Polygons Topo150k’ dataset © LINZ, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Modified for use by Tonkin + Taylor. Accessed from https://data.linz.govt.nz/layer/51153-nz-coastlines-and-islands-polygons-topo-150k/
  • Regional Councils 2023 Boundary – Regional boundary layer derived from Stats NZ ‘Regional Council 2023 Generalised’ dataset © Stats NZ, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). No modifications, derivatives by Tonkin + Taylor. Accessed from https://datafinder.stats.govt.nz/layer/111182-regional-council-2023-generalised/
  • GNS Dunedin Groundwater Models – Validation with permission of the National Groundwater model using the GNS Groundwater models received from GNS Science via email.
  • Hawke’s Bay Groundwater Model – Validation with permission of the National Groundwater model using the Hawke’s Bay Groundwater Model derived from GNS Science Report “Assessment of Liquefaction Risk in the Hawke’s Bay” © B. Rosser and S. Dellow (2015).
  • National Water Table – Validation of the National Groundwater model using the GNS Science National Water Table © GNS Science (2022) (Earth Sciences New Zealand), licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). No modifications. Analysis by Tonkin + Taylor.
  • Christchurch City Council Groundwater models – Validation with permission of the National Groundwater model and sea-level rise using the Christchurch City Council groundwater models developed by Aqualinc relating to sea level rise groundwater modelling.
  • Future and Historic Earthquake Scenarios – Seismic scenario data (PGA map and magnitude) provided by Brendon Bradley and QuakeCore (SeisFinder) https://quakecoresoft.canterbury.ac.nz/seisfinder/, used for fragility curve development and model validation, citations:
    • Bradley, B. A., Bae, S. E., Polak, V., Lee, R. L., Thomson, E. M., & Tarbali, K. (2017). Ground motion simulations of great earthquakes on the Alpine Fault: Effect of hypocentre location and comparison with empirical modelling. New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, 60(3), 188–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2017.1297313
    • Bradley, B. A. (2012). Strong Ground Motion Characteristics Observed in the 4 September 2010 Darfield, New Zealand Earthquake. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 42, 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.06.004
    • Bradley, B. A. (2014). Seismic hazard analysis for urban Christchurch accounting for the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence. Technical report prepared for the New Zealand Earthquake Commission (EQC) and Tonkin and Taylor Ltd by Bradley Seismic Ltd.
    • Bradley, B. A. (2016). Strong ground motion characteristics observed in the 13 June 2011 Mw6.0 Christchurch, New Zealand earthquake. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 91, 23–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.09.006
    • Brendon A. Bradley, Hoby N. T. Razafindrakoto,Viktor Polak; Ground‐Motion Observations from the 14 November 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikoura, New Zealand, Earthquake and Insights from Broadband Simulations. Seismological Research Letters 2017;; 88 (3): 740–756. doi: https://doi.org/10.1785/0220160225
  • Canterbury Events Observations – Validation of models using “Canterbury Events Liquefaction and Lateral Spreading Observations” from NHC / NZGD (Downloaded 1 June 2025 from https://www.nzgd.org.nz/Map/MapContent.aspx)
  • Seismic Return Period Maps – PGA and Mw hazard was determined from Draft TS1170.5 (2024) by the NZ Standards Committee (standards.govt.nz).
  • Suburbs and Localities – Boundary layer from LINZ ‘NZ Suburbs and Localities’ dataset © LINZ, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). No modifications. Accessed from https://data.linz.govt.nz/layer/113764-nz-suburbs-and-localities/
  • Territorial Authority Boundaries – Boundary layer derived from Stats NZ ‘Territorial Authority 2022 Generalised’ dataset © Stats NZ, licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). No modifications. Accessed from https://datafinder.stats.govt.nz/layer/106668-territorial-authority-2022-generalised/
  • TTGD CPTs – Cone penetration test data from Tonkin + Taylor used to inform liquefaction vulnerability model, used with permission.
  • TTGD Boreholes – Borehole data from Tonkin + Taylor used to inform liquefaction vulnerability model, used with permission.
  • TTGD Static Water Data – Static water level information from Tonkin + Taylor used to inform national groundwater model, used with permission.
  • Canterbury Earthquake Sequence GW Layers – Groundwater layers developed by Tonkin + Taylor and GNS Science (2013) for the Earthquake Commission (now Natural Hazards Commission) were used with permission to compare against the National Groundwater model.
  • Event Observations – Liquefaction and event observation data managed by Tonkin + Taylor, used with permission to develop land-damage fragility curves and compare against scenario outputs.

Additional to the NLM datasets, the following datasets were used in the development of the ALVC map, and the terms of these datasets apply to the ALVC:

  • Existing local map for Far North was provided by Far North District Council. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Accessed from https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/df5f99f47450498f978166472b3500eb/page/Page?views=Hazards
  • Existing local map for Whangarei was provided by Tonkin + Taylor. Can be accessed from https://www.arcgis.com/apps/mapviewer/index.html?url=https://geo.wdc.govt.nz/server/rest/services/Liquefaction/MapServer&source=sd
  • Existing local map for Auckland was provided by Auckland Council. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Accessed from https://data-aucklandcouncil.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/aucklandcouncil::liquefaction-vulnerability-basic-assessment-1/explore
  • Existing local map for Hamilton was provided by Tonkin + Taylor.
  • Existing local map for Waikato was accessed from https://data-waikatolass.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/waikatoregion::waikato-liquefaction-level-a/explore with permission from Waikato Regional Council for use in the ALVC map.
  • Existing local map for New Plymouth was provided by Tonkin + Taylor. Can be accessed from https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/754cda6a13374346b0afa822519f1cd4
  • Existing local map for Bay of Plenty was obtained from the Bay of Plenty Regional Council website. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Can be accessed from https://maps.boprc.govt.nz/datasets/bay-hazards-liquefaction/explore
  • Existing local map for Mount Maunganui was provided by Tonkin + Taylor. Can be accessed from https://gis.tauranga.govt.nz/liquefaction/
  • Existing local map for Tauranga was obtained from the Bay of Plenty Regional Council website. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Can be accessed from https://maps.boprc.govt.nz/datasets/bay-hazards-liquefaction/explore
  • Existing local map for Gisborne was provided by Gisborne District Council. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Accessed from https://geoportal-gizzy.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/land-areas-susceptible-to-liquefaction-/explore
  • Existing local map for Hawkes Bay was provided by Tonkin + Taylor. Can be accessed from https://hbrcopendata-hbrc.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/8c0b6f4f66fd492fb5b231e57410435a_0/explore
  • Existing local map for Napier was provided by Tonkin + Taylor. Can be accessed from https://hbrcopendata-hbrc.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/53a60e8296764f879eed707bee61fd0b_4/about
  • Existing local map for Horowhenua was provided by Tonkin + Taylor. Can be accessed from https://www.horowhenua.govt.nz/files/assets/public/v/1/building-consents/hdc-options-for-liquefaction-assessment-in-the-horowhenua-district-june-2023.pdf
  • Existing local map for Manawatu-Whanganui was obtained from Horizons Regional Council with permission. Accessed from https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/3f7b4ec2f6f14503af1146ce412de39e/page/Liquefaction
  • Existing local map for Wairarapa was provided by Tonkin + Taylor.
  • Existing local map for Wellington was provided by Greater Wellington Regional Council with permission. Accessed from https://opendata.gw.govt.nz/datasets/GWRC::wellington-region-liquefaction-potential/explore
  • Existing local map for Palmerston North was provided by Tonkin + Taylor.
  • Existing local map for Tararua was provided by Tonkin + Taylor. Can be accessed from https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/50eb39cb250542388e77329bf2c0c2ae
  • Existing local map for Nelson was provided by Nelson City Council. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Accessed from https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/4854afe0019e43c9adb51723d78a28db
  • Existing local map for Tahunanui was provided by Nelson City Council. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Accessed from https://experience.arcgis.com/experience/4854afe0019e43c9adb51723d78a28db
  • Existing local map for Marlborough was provided by Marlborough District Council. Accessed from https://smartmaps.marlborough.govt.nz/smapviewer/?map=f94aa3aaff0a4d6eb4da7298f412e8f8
  • Existing local map for Tasman was provided by Tasman District Council. Accessed from https://tdc.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=819fd6f518b9467d88293a732f063ac4%20
  • Existing local map for Kaikoura was provided by Kaikoura District Council & Environment Canterbury. Accessed from https://opendata.canterburymaps.govt.nz/maps/23e01f789514469198a0fd937da0a40b
  • Existing local map for West Coast was provided by West Coast Regional Council. Accessed from https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=fcbbe03a9cd34aeba65b6e5b1fcfe1b7
  • Existing local map for Eastern Canterbury was provided by Environment Canterbury. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International (CC BY 3.0). Accessed from https://opendata.canterburymaps.govt.nz/datasets/a1d1e268681f4f9896b551b26a6e8bbc_3/
  • Existing local map for Christchurch was provided by Tonkin + Taylor. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Can be accessed from https://opendata-christchurchcity.hub.arcgis.com/datasets/ChristchurchCity::liquefaction-vulnerability-opendata/explore
  • Existing local map for Ashburton was provided by Environment Canterbury. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International (CC BY 3.0). Accessed from https://opendata.canterburymaps.govt.nz/maps/1588bc2547764146ba5cf3ed192862c7
  • Existing local map for Timaru was provided by Environment Canterbury. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International (CC BY 3.0). Accessed from https://opendata.canterburymaps.govt.nz/maps/2fcc5cc506214648b86743338fda3489
  • Existing local map for Mackenzie was provided by Environment Canterbury with permission. Accessed from https://opendata.canterburymaps.govt.nz/maps/62581b83eef949c485ac7923d6df98e0
  • Existing local map for Waimate was provided by Waimate District Council. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International (CC BY 3.0). Accessed from https://opendata.canterburymaps.govt.nz/maps/f22756fbb4f04ec3ac4d370abbf0087d
  • Existing local map for Waitaki was provided by Environment Canterbury with permission. Accessed from https://www.arcgis.com/apps/mapviewer/index.html?layers=34db4f0f4e294d7289ae1adc2ed9c3ab
  • Existing local map for Otago was provided by Otago Regional Council. Accessed from https://www.arcgis.com/apps/mapviewer/index.html?layers=712447df3b3d4489944f5044fd6d7de8
  • Existing local map for Invercargill was provided by Tonkin + Taylor. Can be accessed from https://www.icc.govt.nz/repository/libraries/id:2swc6cbtp1cxby8vraxn/hierarchy/assets/rates-building-and-property/liquefaction/Appendix_FIGB1.pdf
  • Existing local map for Glenorchy was provided by Tonkin + Taylor.
  • Existing local map for Southland was provided by Southland Regional Council. Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0). Accessed from https://data-esgis.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/esgis::southland-liquefaction-risk-2006-2012/explore